Eye or Vision Anatomy of the eye- Eye is the organ of sense for sight ,which situated in the orbital cavity or eye socket Eye is the the spherical shaped organ in the sense which is help in vision or sensory vision . It's about 2.5 CM in diameter and three layers of the eye are completely covered There are three layer is- 1.Outer layer or tunica fibrous 2.Middle layer or tunica vasculosa 3.Inner layer or Tunica Nervosa 1.Outer layer or tunica fibrous- - Outer layer consists of two structure cornea and sclera . It is outermost avascular layer of eyes which preserve the shape of eye , A nteriorly consists of cornea and posteriorly consists of sclera. A. Cornea - Cornea is the outermost part of the eyes which is anteriorly transparent Court over the coloured Iris . cornea is convex cornea is convex,anteriorly light rays enter into the eyes through the cornea to focus on the retina . structurally cornea composed of three layer outer, middle or inner layer A. Outer laye
Obstetric examination-
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| Fig- short view of leopold maneuver |
obstetric examination is a examination of the pregnant uterus after the 28 week of the gastation, can diagnose the lie ,presentation, attitudes of foetus, by the abdominal examination.
Palpitation should not do during the uterine contraction or Braxton Hicks contraction.
Obstetric examination methods are various in form but four important methods are used in obstetric examinations. (by C.G. leopold German physician)
in obstetrics the use of 4 steps in palpating the uterus in order to determine in the lie ,presentations and positions, attitude of the foetus, during and before the labour. 
Method of obstetric examination or leopold s maneuver)
1.Fundal grip ( first leopold maneuver)
2.Lateral or umbilical grip ( second L. M.)
3.Pawlik's Grip (third L. M.)
4.Pelvic Grip (fourth L. M.)
1.Fundal Grip--
Fundal grip is the first methods of examination of the presentation of the foetus ,in this method both hand of the examiner are placed on the whole fundal area and find fetal part lying in the fundus of the maternal uterus.
Examiner should face to mother face.
It's hard and global maas suggest head presentation or vertex presentation,
If the condition is transverse lie the fundal area found empty,
Irregular soft mass is filled in the fundus suggest that breech or buttocks presentation.
Fundal grip is the most valuable method for the obstacle examination in assessing the presentation of the foetus.
2.Lateral or umbilical grip-
Letale Or umbilical grip is the second method for assessing the fetal part in the maternal uterus,
In this method examiner should stand on the mother foot and faces toward the mother face .
Both hand of the examiner are placed on the leterally or either side of the umbilicus. the position of back, Limb and anterior shoulder of the foetus, is aasesed by this maneuver.
Lateral or umbilical grip are the useful for the assessing the position of foetus in the maternal uterus.
4.Pawlik grip-
Pawlik grip is used for or the assessing engagement of the fetal head to the symphysis pubis,
In this method examiner should face toward the mother face and thumbs and four finger of the right hand place over the lower pole of uterus for the assessing the engagement of fetal head.
If the condition is transverse lie pawlik grips is empty.
5.Pelvic Grip -
In this method iss most important is the position of the examiner .compare to above three steps conditions examiner face toward the patient or mother feet
pelvic grip is used for the information about the presentation ,Descent of head and attitude of foetus .
If the condition is divergent or divert of finger show the head is engaged.
Assessing of this method by 4 finger of both hand placed on lower pole of uterus and assessing the engagement of foetal part.
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