Medical study

 Eye or Vision  Anatomy of the eye-        Eye is the organ of sense for sight ,which situated in the orbital cavity or eye socket  Eye is the the spherical shaped organ in the sense which is help in vision or sensory vision .  It's about 2.5 CM in diameter and  three layers of the eye are completely covered There are three layer is-  1.Outer layer or tunica fibrous 2.Middle layer or tunica vasculosa 3.Inner layer or Tunica Nervosa   1.Outer layer or tunica fibrous- - Outer layer consists of two structure cornea and sclera . It is outermost avascular layer of eyes which preserve the shape of eye ,  A nteriorly consists of cornea and posteriorly consists of sclera.  A. Cornea - Cornea is the outermost part of the eyes which is anteriorly transparent Court over the coloured Iris . cornea is convex cornea is convex,anteriorly light rays enter into the eyes through the cornea to focus on the retina . structurally cornea composed of three layer outer, middle or inner layer A. Outer laye

 Obstetric examination- Fig- short view of leopold maneuver   obstetric examination is a examination of the pregnant uterus after the 28 week of the gastation, can diagnose the lie ,presentation, attitudes of foetus, by the  abdominal examination.  Palpitation should not do during the uterine contraction or Braxton Hicks contraction.  Obstetric examination methods are various in form but four important methods are used in obstetric examinations. (by C.G. leopold German physician)   in obstetrics the use of 4 steps in palpating the uterus in order to determine in the lie ,presentations and positions, attitude of the foetus, during and before the labour.  Method of obstetric examination or leopold s maneuver)  1.Fundal grip ( first leopold maneuver)  2.Lateral or umbilical grip ( second L. M.)  3.Pawlik's Grip (third L. M.)  4.Pelvic Grip  (fourth L. M.)  1.Fundal Grip--                 Fundal grip is the first methods of examination of the presentation of the foetus ,in this method

 Phobia   Persistend irrational fear of an object or situation , person main recognise it as unreasonable!  Phobia may create panic anxiety if situation is not avoided!  Anxiety produced by phobia which avoided by  the use of Defence mechanism, such as repression and displacement.  it's helpful in  reducing anxiety.  Types of phobia- 1.Acrophobia -    fear of height 2.Gamophobia -     fear of marriage 3.Algo phobia-       fear of pain 4.Anthrophobia-    fear of people 5.Astraphobia -   fear of light storm /electricity 6.Hematophobia -   fear of blood 7.Claustrophobia-     fear of closed space  8.Monophobia-         fear of being alone  9. Mysophobia -       fear of Dirt or contamination 10. Nyctophobia -    fear of darkness 11. Social phobia -   fear of social gathering  12. zoophobia-        fear of animal  13. Gerontophobia-    fear of aging  14. Thantophobia -     fear of death  15. Gynephobia -    fear of women  16. Xenophobia -   fear of strangers 17. Agoraphobia-     fear of

  Hyperkinetic disorder hyperkinetic disorder -::; it is also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD was first described by heinrich hoff  in 1854. it is very common in boys and girls definition -:: it is behavioral and emotional disorders which is characterized by * hyperactivity *impulsivity *over attention or lack of attention main progress to conduct disorder etiology -::  *genetical factor-:: more common in monozygotic twins * biological factor -::disturbance in dopamine and norepinephrine level *environmental factor -:; environmental lead ,,, food additives,,, colouring preservatives and sugar * psychological factor -:: emotional problems ,,,stress full event,,,, family disturbance * pre peri and postnatal factor -:::prematurity,,,,,  fetal distress ,,,,,prolonged labour,,,,, birth asphyxia low apgar scoring,, meningitis,,, encephalitis,,trauma,,, epilepsy clinical features -:::  1. most sensitive to stimuli like noise,,, light,,, temperature and environmental cha

  Important test in comunity health nursing- Important Tests : 1. Adom test - Scoliosis 2. Allen test - ABG Analysis 3. Aldehyde test - Leprosy 4. Phosphate test - Pasteurization 5. Patch test - Allergic Reaction 6. Tourniquet test - Dengue 7. Urea Breath test - H.Pylori 8. Schick test - Diphtheria 9. Dick test - Scarlet Fever 10. Rothers test - Acetone in Urine 11. Hey test - Bile Salt Urine 12. Smith test - Bile Pigment Urine 13. Benedict test - Urine Glucose 14. Kveim test - Sarcoidosis 15. Rinne & Webber test - Hearing 16. Direct Coomb test -  Hemolytic Anemia 17. Ischiara test - Color Vision test 18. Snellen Chart test - Distance Vision 19. Confrontation test - Central and Peripheral Vision 20. Jegar's type Card test - Near Vision 22. Schiling test -  Vitamin B12 Absorption 23. Histamine test - Leprosy 24. Roller Over test - Pre-Eclampsia 25. Fern Test or Nitrizine test - leakage of Amniotic fluid 26. VDRL test - Syphilis 27.VMA (Vanellyl Mandelic Acid) -  Pheochromocytoma

  Labour process- NOTES ON OBSTETRICS    NORMAL LABOR (THEORIES OF LABOR ONSET) 1. Oxytocin Stimulation Theory​ 2 .Uterine Stretch Theory 3. Progesterone Deprivation Theory 4. Prostaglandin Theory 5. Theory of the Aging Placenta 6 .Fetal Adrenal Response Theory   SIGNS OF LABOR  (WRISLIR) • Weight Loss – 2-3 pounds (progesterone) • Ripening of the Cervix – “soft” • Increased Braxton Hicks – “irregular, painless” • Show – “ruptured capillaries + operculum = pinkish color” • Lightening – “the baby dropped” ​-  2 weeks (primi) and before or during (multi) ● Relief of respiratory discomfort ● Increased frequency of urination ● Leg pains ● Muscle spasms ● Increased vaginal discharge ● Decreased fundal height • Increased Level of Activity – large amount of epinephrine (AG) • Rupture of Membranes – gush or steady trickle of clear fluid   FALSE LABOR CANDAC ✓ Contraction disappear with ambulation ✓ Absence of cervical dilation ✓ No ↑ DIF (duration, intensity, frequency) ✓ Discomfort @ abdomen